Australian Tax And Transfer System

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity Research Paper

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity - Research Paper Example The minor inclination to devour is the slant of the above bend, the negligible penchant to expend esteem decides how the utilization of a customer reacts to an adjustment in salary, the estimation of the minimal affinity to expend is more prominent than zero yet under 1, this implies when pay builds all the expansion isn't utilized for utilization purposes yet spared or put resources into other pay producing ventures, that is the reason the peripheral inclination to expend is more prominent than 0 yet under 1. Reserve funds is the measure of salary that isn't expended and customers like to spare in banks or contribute, when pay expands then there is a likelihood that investment funds will build, Keynes expressed that investment funds are an element of pay, thus, in this manner, the investment funds capacity can be expressed as follows: S = F(Y). The investment funds capacity can be expressed as follows: S = a1 + a2 (Y-T) Where an is the independent worth which we hope to be zero or n egative, a2 is the peripheral affinity to spare which is more prominent than zero however under 1, Y is salary and T is charge, we can compute the minimal penchant to devour as the adjustment in reserve funds isolated by the adjustment in pay. This worth shows the responsiveness of investment funds level because of an expansion or decrease in the degree of pay. The connection among investment funds and pay: this area thinks about the connection among reserve funds and utilization, when salary builds then the degree of investment funds and utilization expands, pay is either devoured or spared, thus, consequently, there is a connection among utilization and reserve funds.

Working with Magazine Editors

Working with Magazine Editors Editors can be a fastidious lot, particularly when it comes to maintaining a professional relationship with writers. For starters, editors areâ€"by natureâ€"perfectionists in many things, particularly in language and communication. If you have poor communication skills, odds are that youre not making a good living out of freelance writing for magazines. However, even some of the best communicators end up going toe-to-toe with unsatisfied editors who demand more than the writer can give. In those cases, and when building your career as a freelance writer, its best to know some good strategies in dealing with editors, including the particularly demanding ones.Return emails/calls/texts promptlyEven if the editor took three weeks to get back to you regarding your query, be sure to immediately return his or her communication as quickly as you possibly can. Editors like to know that when they are working on tight publishing deadlines, a writer can be on call and ready to help at last-minut e notice. This kind of promptness and dependability will certainly get you noticed and keep you on the magazines freelance payroll.Dont submit work with a lot of grammar/spelling mistakesEven though a magazine has its own copyeditors, any writing that you submit will mean extra work for others if it includes a lot of spelling errors and grammar mistakes. Beyond that, it simply looks unprofessional on your part. A writers first talent should be with language, including the rules of that language. If you arent naturally gifted in this area, hire a copyeditor or proofreader to do it for you before you submit it to the magazine. It will increase an editors respect for you as a writer and as a professional.Help out when the magazine is in a crunch and needs someone to cover a story last-minuteThis is a big one. As a freelance writer, its easy to dream about seeing your name in the by-line of some great journalistic effort or feature article; however, its not so easy to cover an event tha t anyone could write aboutâ€"or worse, to write for a section that isnt given a by-line at all. All writers want the features and few want the other parts of a magazine, but the editor is responsible for pulling the entire publication together and will likely need your help in completing some of the less exciting work required to do so. If you are there for him or her in a crunch, youll become a valuable asset to the magazine and to the editor, personally. This helps increase your chances of landing more feature articles and more recommendations from that editor to other publications or editors seeking freelancers.Dont pester themIts tempting to continue attempting to contact an editor when you havent heard from him or her within a few weeks about an article query or idea. And weve all heard that persistence pays offâ€"so why not be persistent about it? While this might be true in some facets of the publishing industry, it usually doesnt hold water for the magazine industry.Magazine and newspaper editors are busy, especially at certain points of the week or month when the publications deadlines must be met. During these times, editors do well to keep their head above water to get that weeks publication to the newsstands on time, or that months publication to the printers on time. They certainly dont have the time to answer queries or deal with freelancers who are persistent about future article ideas. If you continue to contact them over the same query or idea multiple times, odds are you will be turned down when the editor finally has time to check his or her messages or email. If youve sent out a query, wait a bit. If the editor is a professional, which most of them are, he or she will get back with you at their convenienceâ€"and have a much more positive attitude about doing so.Dont send an article or idea to several editors at onceThis is a big mistake in the publishing industry, whether you are querying magazine editors, newspaper editors or book publishe rs. Many are friends with other editors of other publications and word gets around if you are the type of writer who does this. Only query one at a time and wait to hear back before sending your idea to another editor. If the editor has not responded within a reasonable amount of time (usually a month is considered reasonable in this industry), then write or call once to ensure that the editor received the query. At this point, you can politely request permission to query other editors if he or she is not interested in your article or idea.Keep your communication short and professionalAlthough it might be tempting to write long query letters or emails detailing the extent of your knowledge and expertise on a particular subject, dont. As previously mentioned, editors are busy and simply dont have the time to read through multiple emails from overly verbose writers. The short communiques are the ones that are more likely to get their attention quickly.With the right amount of patience , professionalism and ability, writers who manage to work well with editors will be rewarded for their attempts. In the business of freelance writing for magazines, once you establish yourself as a writer that is easy to work with, dependable and not a nuisance, editors are likely to send more assignments your way because you make their lives easier. Make their lives more difficult and youve very likely to never hear from them again.

The Birth of Fish; The Death of Oceans Essay - 3519 Words

The Birth of Fish; The Death of Oceans Overview: Life and death are themselves opposites; then again in our oceans, life sometimes causes death. Over the past few decades, the demand for edible seafood has sky rocketed, resulting in the formation of aquacultures and overfishing. As of now, the two greatest threats to our marine resources result from overfishing and water pollution. Commercial fishing targets key fish species, resulting in an imbalance of the marine ecosystem. In response to the near elimination of these species, an industry has developed to raise these species in farm communities. It was the initial belief of many that aquacultures would help offset the demand for more seafood. However, the result of fish†¦show more content†¦Overfishing also disrupts the hierarchy in the food chain as well, since many of the big game fish are targeted by these companies. When this occurs, fishing fleets then start a process known as fishing down, which is a phrase that was started by Pauly (Pauly, par. 12). Because of overfishing, some members of society have decided to farm raise fish for the consumption by humans. Fish farming, otherwise known as aquaculture, was started in hopes of preserving the oceans and providing a reliable source of seafood. In some instances, it does wonders; in other ways it has hurt the oceans greatly. For certain fish species, such as the vegetarian and shellfish eaters, it makes sense to farm them. For fish such as salmon and other carnivorous fish, it is highly inefficient to farm them. Other byproducts of fish farming include the production of waste, the displacing of natural breeding habits, the spreading of disease, and the addition of other pollutants into the ocean (Pros, par. 3). There is an importance in analyzing the differences between the pros and cons to determine whether or not the good outweighs the bad. One of the major factors which leads us to many questions about the ocean is that of pollution. Pollution occurs in many ways that we can and cannot influence. Pollution occurs from human unsanitary conditions, as well as from agriculture and fish farming. For example, in the Florida Keys andShow MoreRelatedMarine Contamination and Pollution Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesthe beginning of modern civilization, man has continuously polluted the oceans. As more and more pollution entered the Earth?s oceans and problems became evident, man has been given the obligation to prevent further damage. Sewage, marine debris, toxic chemicals, heavy metals, oil, and radioactive materials constitute six major categories of marine pollutants that mankind needs to prevent from entering the worlds oceans. Sewage has a short lifespan, it decomposes due to microscopic organismsRead MorePlastic Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1129 Words   |  5 Pages Plastic Pollution is a man made disaster, but it is rapidly growing every day. It is causing harm to oceans, sea life, and even human life, as we know it. It is important to prevent plastics from ever touching the ocean and we need to do something about it soon. Plastic pollution is something that is dramatically impacting the environment and taking action is something we have to do before it affects more of our planet. The plastic pollution in the water is affecting our own well-being. There areRead MoreShark Finning Is The Removal Of The Shark999 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year there are thousands and millions of sharks dying in the ocean simply, because of a soup? Not a soup that makes you feel or look any younger, nor does it cure a sickness, but because of a delicacy. Sharks are at a high demand mainly in East Asia. Shark Finning is the removal of the shark’s fins while they are still alive and throwing the rest of its body back in the ocean where it takes a painful death. Seeing that sharks are on top of the ecosystem, their population is also decreasingRead MoreThe Effect Of Ocean Acidification On The Rates Of Calcium Produced By Marine Organisms1450 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrialization, cement production, and other land-use changes. The ocean absorbs much of this excess CO2 through air-sea gas exchange, resulting in changes in seawater chemistry. Due to human-made emissions, the C O2 content of the oceans has dramatically increased and is gradually acidifying the surface waters. As a result of human-made emissions, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and oceans has increased dramatically during recent decades. In the ocean, the accumulating CO2 is gradually acidifying the surfaceRead MoreWhale s Negative Interaction With Mankind1229 Words   |  5 PagesWith Mankind How Are Killer Whales Being Killed? Have you met Shamu? He (or she) is the star orca whale of the 2017 One Ocean Shamu Show at SeaWorld. The showcase begins with the propaganda display about saving the oceans, â€Å"The ocean is the heart of our natural world. Our legacy is tied to its future, in our hands to cherish and protect. We are one world, united by one ocean.† According to SeaWorld, The first Baby Shamu was named Kalina. She was the first surviving orca born in captivity onRead MoreReview Of Wolves Of The Sea 1446 Words   |  6 PagesWhale, or Orcinus orca, is perhaps better known as its colloquial name: the killer whale. There are a few reasons for its nickname- for starters, the Latin name is believed to be originated from the name of the Roman god of the underworld (and hence, death), Orcus. The more modern explanation is sailors would allude to them as â€Å"whale killers† after observing their powerful pod hunting maneuvers, and over time the order of the words switched, resulting in one of our nicknames for the marine mammal, alongRead MoreThe Global Collapse Of Fish Species1645 Words   |  7 Pagesa front-page article titled, â€Å"Study Sees Global Collapse of Fish Species.† Within the article, experts cited that if â€Å"fishing around the world continues at its present pace, more and more species will vanish, marine ecosystems will unravel and there will be global collapse of all species currently fished, possibly as soon as midcentury.† (Dean, 2006). The issue of overfishing, which is defined as â€Å"continuously taking more fish than can be replaced by reproduction and growth,† (Overfishing:Read MoreAlaskan Salmon Lead The Most Interesting Life From Life1389 Words   |  6 PagesAlaskan salmon lead the most interesting life from birth to death, spending time in both fresh and salt water. Eggs are laid by a female fish in a stream. She actually buries up to thousands of eggs, or ova, in a nest called a Redd. The male fertilizes these eggs, once placed. The eggs develop in the winter and hatch in the spring. Once the eggs hatch, now called Alevin, they stay in the nest for approximately one month feeding on the yolk sac of the egg. Once the baby salmon leave the Redd, knownRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment975 Words   |  4 PagesIt’s defined as contamination of streams, lakes, underground water, bays or oceans by substances harmful to living things. Water is necessary to life on earth. All organisms contain it, some drink it, some live in it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. If severe, water pollution can kill large numbers of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing all members of a speciesRead MoreConservation Of Whale Carcass1627 Words   |  7 PagesVincent and the Grenadines (humpback); and Russia (gray and bowhead) (2013). The IWC limits the number of whales that each tribe can hunt a year so as not to deplete numbers. One such group is the Faroese of the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. Practicing their hunts for over 1,000 years, the Faroese claim that the hunts not only provide food and clothing, but also a sense of community. As mentioned by Monder Khoury in his book on cultural whaling (2015), the hunts â€Å"formed an integral part

Physics Physics And Calculus Applications - 1711 Words

MATH EXPLORATION PHYSICS AND CALCULUS APPLICATIONS MS. BUICA – MCV4U7-03 JANUARY 8, 2016 BY: RAMEEL KHAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INTRODUCTION The subject of physics applies calculus to many of its principles in order to explain various concepts and objects. In my HL math class, I have used calculus, such as differentiation and optimization, and applied it to kinematics (displacement, velocity, acceleration), which I started learning in my SL physics class. While looking for a topic for the exploration, I thought of pursuing this connection between calculus and physics, and discovered that calculus was present heavily in physics, even more than I had previously thought. While a lot of concepts used simple differentiation and derivatives, I found out that the concepts of work, forces, and energy used the more complex math of integration in order to explain them. Hence, I decided to explore the connection between integration and integrals (calculus) and work, forces, and energy (physics) and attempt to illustrate how integrals are used to come to conclusions about these physics concepts, as well as, on a more personal note, further my understanding of these concepts and connect my knowledge from two different IB classes. To summarize, the aim of this exploration is to explain work, elastic energy, and kinetic energy through integration and reflect on any knowledge that IShow MoreRelatedReal Life Uses For Improper Integrals1072 Words   |  5 PagesIB physics, calculus seemed only to be an abstract concept within the classroom. Yet as I started to learn more about the physical behaviours of the world around me, the significance of the link between mathematics and physics became much more apparent. This link first came to me when I studied Kinematics (Study of motion) in physics, where I learnt about the proper mathematical differential defi nitions of velocity and acceleration. Thereafter, the correlation between the worlds of physics andRead MoreThe Field Of Physics And Physics1593 Words   |  7 Pagesminds of 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton still continues to influence the field of mathematics and physics. He has made revolutionary discoveries in the domains of motion, mathematics and optics. On top of that, he is also remembered as the founder of modern physics principles. Newton was born on 4th January, 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England. As the writer of the most influential book in the field of physics Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy),Read MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific Revolution1064 Words   |  5 Pagesin the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affected the scientific community during the Scientific Revolution and still affect society today, he recognized the three laws of motion, discovered gravity, and co-developed calculus. The scientific revolution was a time of inquisition, discovery, and new ideas. The scientific revolution started at the end ofRead MoreHistory of Calculus Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Calculus The history of calculus falls into several distinct time periods, most notably the ancient, medieval, and modern periods. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas of integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a rigorous or systematic way. Calculating volumes and areas, the basic function of integral calculus, can be traced back to the Egyptian Moscow papyrus (c. 1800 BC), in which an Egyptian successfully calculated the volume of a pyramidalRead MoreEssay on The Evolution of Differential Calculus2658 Words   |  11 PagesDifferential calculus is a subfield of Calculus that focuses on derivates, which are used to describe rates of change that are not constants. The term ‘differential’ comes from the process known as differentiation, which is the process of finding the derivative of a curve. Differential calculus is a major topic covered in calculus. According to Interactive Mathematics, â€Å"We use the derivative to determine the maxi mum and minimum values of particular functions (e.g. cost, strength, amount of materialRead MoreSir Isaac Newton : The Father Of Modern Physics1185 Words   |  5 Pagesa smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me(bio.com)†Today, one of the most highly regarded scientists is still Sir Isaac Newton. He should be remembered as the father of modern physics. Sir Isaac Newton was born on Jan 4, 1643 or according to December 25,1642 in Woolsthorpe, England. He never knew his father because he died before he was born and his mother remarried when he was three (bio.com). His mother moved in with his stepfatherRead MoreThe Field Of The Military Field1313 Words   |  6 Pagesengineering field requires a great deal of discipline in order to be successful. One has to endure arguably the hardest schooling out of any major, which includes juggling years of higher level of mathematics and its applications with several rigorous scientific classes such as physics, thermodynamics, and chemistry. One has to discipline oneself especially with time management and sharpness to be able to meet the demand placed on them to graduate. Simply said, one cannot slack even slightly in theRead MorePi And The Real World995 Words   |  4 Pages â€Æ' Abstract Pi has a rich history and numerous applications to go along with it. Pi is used in mathematics, science and engineering. Pi has been traced back to over 1600 BC in Egypt, and today it is celebrated world – wide. Students from elementary school through college know of pi and its multiple applications. It has been used in physics, as well as in geometry. Students will even use it in trigonometry when they are doing sine waves. Students need to see how necessary pi is in mathematics andRead MoreDifferences Between Facts And Theories Of Math And History Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pageshaving the facts precede the theories. This paper will discuss the differences in the relationship of facts and theories of math and history using calculus and World War II respectively. First argument The first argument analyses math and the notion that theories precede the facts in this field. This argument uses calculus as a real life situation. Calculus is a branch of mathematics involved with the calculation of varying quantities (Rohde et al. 1). It is considered significant because it providesRead MoreReflection Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesfiber of my mind and body are like a magnet captivated by the enlightening content embedded in the pages. It is a powerful feeling that piques my curiosity to its fullest. And it has continued to grow ever since I sat down on the first day of my AP Physics 1 class– September 2, 2015 – in room 3-202. I still vividly remember the inquisitive young boy I was in that class, each day always eager and excited to open the door and enter this sacred place that promoted intellectual freedom and truth: a rigorous

Adapting to Modern Society Free Essays

Adapting to Modern Times Today, there are various radio stations that are broadcasted throughout Tanzania. However, from the 1950s until the mid-1990s, Radio Tanzania was the country’s sole station, consisting of music, poetry, drama, and speeches. There are currently more than 15,000 reels of these tapes that are sitting on the shelves of the BBC building in Dar es Salaam. We will write a custom essay sample on Adapting to Modern Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reviving the Radio Tanzania Archives is a project that has a goal of digitizing and preserving these tapes before they are destroyed. Throughout reading the booklet by the Heritage Project and after listening to the NPR segment, I noticed a common theme of indigenization of modernity. I argue that the project is using modern technology in order to preserve traditional ways. This topic has also been an important concept of the papers by Christen and Hodgson. In order to reach their goal, the people of the Tanzania Heritage project must use modern knowledge to convert the reel tapes into digital material. When they are able to make this conversion, they will be exemplifying the act of using modern ways in order to preserve traditions. The traditions that they are preserving refer to the history that is embedded in the forms of media that were broadcasted on the radio. According to the Heritage Project, Radio Tanzania was â€Å"both a key instrument of the state and public service, used as a tool for promoting unity and national pride through music† (booklet:8). The Radio represented more than just entertainment, it was involved in politics, and social relations as well. In the NPR segment, they state that the Radio was strictly Tanzanian, a station that was sung by and for the Tanzanian people. The station represents the purity of the Tanzanians without the influence from other institutions. In reproducing these tapes through digitization, people from all different parts of the world will be able to experience a part of the Tanzanian past. The restoration of them allows the Tanzanian tradition to live on indefinitely. Another important concern for the Heritage Project is for the future generations of Tanzania. The co-founder, Benson Rukantabula, hopes that â€Å"If we digitize the archives, they (younger generation) can know where they lost their way†(booklet:13). By using the modern technology to preserve the archives, the project hopes to inspire future generations to create music based on traditional values. King Kiki, one of the legends of the Radio Tanzania era, still plays to sold-out crowds weekly. Another artist of the radio, John Kitime also continues to play live shows throughout Tanzania. The fact that both of these men are still playing to live audience signifies how valuable the music still is. This type of music is also known as Swahili Jazz music, and it was the most popular form of Tanzanian music from the 1960s until the mid-1990s. One important feature of this type of music, according to the co-founder of the Tanzanian Heritage Project, is that you do not have to know the Swahili language to appreciate the music. The project believes in the universality of music, and how it crosses cultural barriers. If more of this music was available for people, then people would naturally begin to recognize the traditional rhythms and melodies of Tanzanian history. The broadcast of this music would increase the influence of traditional Tanzanian culture worldwide. The compact disc of the Warumungu women is also an example of the indigenization of modernity. The recorded songs define Warumungu women’s ancestral relations, their ongoing community status, and their continued relation to specific sets of country† (Christen:417). It is only with the compact disc, which is the product of modern society, that they are able to spread this music and their traditions internationally. To show the goal of reaching outside cultures, there is an insert that includes both English and Warumungu, in which the women voice their traditions, and explain their decision to put the disc into circulation. This insert gives a long history to the reader, and allows them an inside perspective of Warumungu history. Along with broadcasting nationally, this music is also recognized locally, and it is a central goal of the Warumungu women to create a new generation of â€Å"red-orcher women. † The disc was an important source of security for the Warumungu women, to ensure them that their younger generation would recognize and notice their ancestor’s traditions. In addition to the women’s desire to show their traditions to outside cultures and to their own younger generation, they were also aware of the economic benefit that the disc had for them. Nappanangka, a senior Warumungu women said that her â€Å"expectation is that the compact disc’s circulation will increase her power as a ‘red-orcher woman’ while also helping her pay for a new Toyota Land Cruiser† (Christen:424). With the success of the compact disc, the women were hoping for recognition as well as some economic benefit; both of which would help their society. In conclusion, the Warumungu women used the compact disc in order to protect their future generations and to preserve their own customs. The Maasai culture has experienced rapid change throughout its history. In the past, the Maasai culture was ignored because of its primitive ways. Recently, since the tourism industry has become a significant business, the Tanzanian nation-state officials have begun to recognize the Maasai, and use their authentic lifestyle to attract tourists. The Maasai have used this recognition â€Å"to their own advantage, linking current efforts to protect their lands and livelihoods and access development resources to global campaigns for the rights of indigenous peoples†(Hodgson:135). Their cultural lifestyle is being preserved due to the modern theme of tourism. In addition, the Maasai culture has experienced a shifting of roles of masculinities over many years. Traditionally, the Maasai culture has been associated with pastoralism and a dominant warrior-like masculinity. In the past, when a Maasai adopted certain forms of modernity, they were called â€Å"Ormeek†, which was associated with weakness and ignorance. However, the word Ormeek now takes on a more positive meaning and is valued and respected. Most of the Maasai community has learned that education is a key to the future, and Maasai men â€Å"want to educate all of their children so that they can survive in what they perceive as a rapidly changing world† (Hodgson:140). With this education, the Maasai are able to get jobs in the government, and are able to have a voice for the Maasai people. The older generation depends on the younger generation to take care of them, because of the great power that education has in their society. However, although they are adopting these new ways, many of the Maasai people continue to incorporate traditional ways into their daily routines. The social relations of the Maasai culture have basically remained the same, although education has been a key component that has been added. In conclusion, while adapting to modern ways, the Maasai culture has still maintained many of their traditional values, while also using newfound forms of education to provide new advancements for their culture. Reviving the Radio Tanzania Archives is a project with a goal much like that of the Warumungu women. Although the world is advancing, they are trying to preserve their traditions, and make them available worldwide. They do not want to lose heir past due to changing society; they want to recreate it so it can help future generations and inspire them. The Maasai also recognize that they are living in a changing world, and they are beginning to use new forms of education in order to promote their culture to outsiders. All three pieces of work share a commonality of trying to preserve traditional means by using modern technology. Even thoug h they are aware the world around them is unpredictable, they are not ready to forget their traditions, and step in line with modern times completely. They will use modern means in order to preserve the traditions that they wish to protect. How to cite Adapting to Modern Society, Essay examples

Teaching Log and Lessons Planning

Review of the Teaching Log The teaching log shows how I was able to plan my lesson in a way that helped eliminate racial/ethnic, gender, socio-economic and ability gap in reading, as well as, writing. Cheesman and De Pry (2010) believe that literacy instruction should be culturally responsive and involve effective instructional practices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Log and Lessons Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The goal of my lesson was to help learners acquire reading skills that would be necessary to comprehend the text at a level that is consistent with their general English comprehension. What worked? During the lesson, I used several transferable skills which included explaining, asking questions, leading, organizing, convincing and assessing to help learners develop literacy skills. I lead the discussion on prior knowledge of learners’ background, and how their backgrounds af fected their feelings, attitudes and experiences. This background information helped me assess how the learners received the information that author is communicating. I therefore helped the learners create a chart to assess their feelings. I also asked questions to help learners connect the learning content with the contents of the previous lesson. I also used the questions to stimulate critical thinking skills and expand responsive perspectives. The questions were used as exit card and for formative assessment. I used paper cards for formative assessment to help me understand the students level of comprehension and to modify our discussion (Cooper, 2003). I also explained to the learners about what cover page could mean, and used discussion to explain to learners the information being communicated in the book. I also used discussions to convince the learners on the meaning of the text and the author’s goal. The discussion groups were also meant to help me eliminate barriers between different cultural and socio-economic groups, to help learners learn from one another. What did not work? The questions I applied during the lesson were not very effective in developing critical and responsive skills in the students. I did not use the correct verbs and question format to better stimulate creative thinking and responsive perspectives in learners.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, my post-assessment was only qualitative, as it did not involve any form of quantitative assessment, thus, I was not able to make accurate evaluation on how learners from different cultural, and socio-economic backgrounds, achieved the objectives of the lesson. Solution In my subsequent lessons, I intend to modify my questions to make them more captivating so as to help the learners be more creative in their thinking and to expand their responsive perspectives. I will also conduc t tests at the end of every lesson to help me understand the students’ level of comprehension of what has been discussed in the lesson. Diversity Practices Strengths of my diversity practices My strength in providing instructions that consider diversity among learners lies in my ability to ensure effective, uniform teaching, and learning activities across different cultural and socio-economic backgrounds, ability and gender. As recorded in my teaching log, I was able to provide uniform instructions to male and female students, students receiving free/reduced price lunch, students with disabilities, American Indians of Alaska origin, African Americans and Hispanic Latino. My other strength lies in my ability to involve all the learners from different backgrounds in the teaching and learning process. I involved all of them in discussions and organized discussion groups that cut across all the different ethnic and socio-economic groups. For example, during the lesson we held dis cussions to preview the book and make predictions about the text with all the students. We also discussed the text as a class and in students’ discussion groups. I also used questions during each stage of the learning process to make sure that all the learners were engaged and stimulated to think and come up with different perceptions. I am also creative when it comes to developing and conducting assessments during the lesson. It is always important to keep learners in check and to ensure that the progress of the lesson is consistent with the learning objectives (Granlund Linn, l990).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Log and Lessons Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I used questions to inquire whether the students understood the information in the text. I also lead students in creating a group chart listing of all the information they had learnt after the discussion. I also distributed pa per cards to each student to summarize what they had learnt during the discussion both in drawing and in writing. This helped me analyze each learner’s level of comprehension, which was useful in helping them organize their application of the knowledge they had learnt during the lesson. Drawing pictures helped me understand how the discussion was able to help them create mental picture of what they had learnt during the lesson. Weakness of my diversity practices During a review of my teaching log, I realized that I did not properly use my prior knowledge of the cultural and socio-economic diversity, to teach critical and responsive skills adequately to students as I did not fully apply differentiation. I did not involve different learning styles such as learning through movement and drama and therefore did not take care of all learners’ interests. Cultural and socio-economic backgrounds are likely to influence learners’ learning styles and variance (Cunningham-E idson Tomlinson, 2003). This means that I need to improve in providing differentiation in order to help learners develop cross-disciplinary skills such as critical thinking, communication, collaboration, as well as, use of technology. Values, attitudes and dispositions regarding equitability The program has changed my belief on learning abilities of learners from different backgrounds. I now hold positive expectations for all the learners regardless of their cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. I believe that all learners, no matter the background, can perform well in academics as long appropriate teaching strategies and activities that take into considerations all the entry behaviors and the learning differences that learners come with into the classroom. I therefore communicate my positive expectations for all the learners in my classroom. This increases their motivation to learn and achieve personal intellectual development (Cooper, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Again, contrary to my earlier belief that different learners learn better when provided with different learning opportunities, I now believe that as a teacher, I should provide equitable treatment during the teaching/learning process. For example, during my teaching in the recorded in teaching log, I asked questions to be answered by all learners from different backgrounds and also involved all learners in class discussions, plus, I distributed them in mixed background learners’ discussion groups. This helped me engage all learners in the teaching/learning process; promote their social as well as intellectual development. Improving in reaching all students In my subsequent teaching programs, I intend to develop learning objectives which integrate different learning styles, and multiple learning variances. These objectives will have to be achievable, realistic and measurable. I also intend to invent creative strategies for formative evaluation in each lesson. Finally, I will c onsistently conduct qualitative and quantitative summative assessment in each lesson to help adjust my teaching strategies and teaching/learning activities for the next lesson. Reference List Cheesman E., De Pry, R. (2010). A critical review of culturally responsive literacy instruction. Journal of Praxis in Multicultural Education, 5(1): 83-99. Cooper, J. M. (2003). Classroom teaching skills, 8th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Cunningham-Eidson, C., Tomlinson, C. A. (2003). Differentiation in practice: AÂ  resource guide for differentiating curriculum grades 5-9. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Granlund, N., Linn, R. (l990). Measurement and evaluation in teaching, 6th Ed. New York: Macmillan. This essay on Teaching Log and Lessons Planning was written and submitted by user Damion Rivera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Driving Miss Daisy Essays

Driving Miss Daisy Essays Driving Miss Daisy Paper Driving Miss Daisy Paper Bruce Beresford, takes place In post-World War II Atlanta, Georgia. The mall character of the movie Is Miss Daisy Whereat, a Jewish widow In her seventies. The movie begins with her putting her car into the wrong gear, and going in reverse into her neighbor? yard. Thus, her son, Billie Whereat, believes that no insurance companies would want to insure her after this incident. At his business, Whereat Industries, he runs across a man by the name of Hook Color, who is an older black man with a lot f driving experience. He used to drive for the Dally Center, as well as the popular Judge Stone. After Hook shows his handiness by helping some of Mr.. Whereat? workers get out of an elevator that they were stuck In, Bobble offers Hook the job of driving his mother around. Hook accepts this job, but has no idea what he is getting himself into. When he arrives at Miss house with Mr.. Whereat, Miss maid, Ideal, even says something along the lines of, take that Job even if God came down to Earth himself and asked me For a significant amount of time after Hook becomes Miss river, she Is very rude to him and It Is not a hard task to realize that she Is prejudice. She would get mad at Hook for even speaking with Ideal, or looking at her family pictures on the walls, or even trying to attend to her garden. She felt that he had no business meddling with any of those things, and she would not even let Hook drive for her at first. Miss Daisy actually began to walk to the Piggy Wiggly store instead of accepting a ride from Hook, but Hook drove the car next to her on the sidewalk until she affably gave In and got In the car. She Immediately began to correctly his driving ND tell him he was going In the wrong direction. Even though he was going the speed limit and taking a shorter route to the Piggy Wiggly. In time Miss Daisy realizes how good of a person Hook is, especially when she accuses him of stealing a can of salmon and he admits to eating It the day before, but that he had stopped by the Piggy Wiggly to buy her another can as a replacement. From then on, Miss Daisy and Hook had a wonderful relationship and actually became best friends. Throug hout the movie there are a few major themes that are closely related to the study of southern Jewish history. E of these themes Includes the prosperity of Mr.. Company, Whereat Industries. He became a very wealthy man and obviously has transcended his wealth to his mother, who also lives a rich life. This connects to Southern Jewish history in that Jews were very much inclined to have their own businesses since they had experience in other aspects of the economy, besides the agricultural aspects like most people. Also, during the movie it is simple to pick out that Mr.. Whereat Is not your traditional Jewish man. Despite the fact that his mother attends Temple every week, he does not, and he seems to be very much influenced by his Christian wife, Fluorine. Mr.. Whereat accepts his Jewish background, but embrace it as many Jews of that time did. In this movie he symbolizes the assimilation of Jewish culture within the South. There were two scenes In the movie that felt very much in tune with the discussions, which take place In our class. At one point in the movie, Hook is driving MISS Dally to newer mouse In Modeled, Ladder Ana teen stop on ten side of the road to eat lunch. Before they get back in the car to continue their drive, two policemen come up to Hook in a very suspecting manner and ask him what he is owing. They continue to ask him for his registration and Miss Daisy speaks up and claims that it is her car. Once the policemen receive the registration, they comment on Miss last name and say they have never heard of it before, and they have these arrogant expressions about themselves. When Hook and Miss Daisy are released to continue their drive, one of the policemen says, An old Niger and an old Jewish woman taking off down the road together. That is one ugly sight. A little ways down the road, Miss Daisy and Hook realize they are lost and have to turn around. Hook has to stop at a service station so that he can put gas in the car and so that Miss Daisy can use the bathroom. Afterwards, Hook has to stop on the side of the road to use the bathroom since a man of his color was not allowed to use the bathroom at the service station. While he was using the bathroom in the woods, it was simple to note that Miss Daisy if fearful to be alone after being questioned by those policemen earlier. This scene makes it understood that anti-Semitism was still a factor as well as prejudice towards Blacks. Another part of the movie that served as one of the most powerful scenes was the mobbing of the Temple that Miss Daisy regularly attends. It is a very dark and rainy day as Hook is driving Miss Daisy back from her award ceremony, in which he received the 1966 Business Man of the Year by The Business Council. They get caught in traffic and Hook gets out of the car to figure out what is going on. When he gets back Daisy says that they are going to be late for Temple, but Hook says that being late matter very much because, done gone and bombed the Temple. ?C,-1?0 She becomes very emotional and does not want to believe that this has actually happened. On the drive back to her house, Hook tells a Tory in which the father of one of his childhood friends was hung. Miss Daisy gets angry and is blind in relating the bombing of the Temple to the hanging of a black man. A few scenes later in the movie, Miss Daisy attends one of Martin Luther King speeches, while Hook waits out in the car. It seems as though after the bombing of the Temple Miss Daisy took a liking to Martin Luther King Jar. Because he did not only speak for Blacks, but rather for everyone who was treated unequally and unfairly. These scenes in the movie lay out the framework for the problems in society during that time period. Anti-Semitism is reoccurring here, but the Joining of Blacks and Jews during this time can also be witnessed during the scene including Martin Luther King speech. Driving Miss Daisy was one of those wonderful feel-good movies that always seems to touch your heart. The main message of the movie is that a person of any background whatsoever can get along with another person of a completely different background, as did Miss Daisy and Hook. Throughout the movie Miss Daisy and Hook go through some rough times, but they become best friends. Miss Daisy forgets all about her prejudice, and becomes a much more humble woman. In her forgetting prejudice it is quite easy to see that she seems to be more at peace, happier with herself, and with life in general. This movie depicted Southern Jewish culture, as well as the South in general, in a very good manner and tone. If one were to wonder why ten elves AT Blacks Ana Jews were closely related aurally tans time parlor, Driving MISS Daisy would be a wonderful movie choice. Not only does it layout the framework of Southern society and culture really well, but it will definitely stir up some emotions and make the problems within society feel very close to home.

United Kingdom and United States Relations

United Kingdom and United States Relations The relationship between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K.) goes back almost two hundred years before the United States declared independence from Great Britain. Although several European powers explored and formed settlements in North America, the British soon controlled the most lucrative seaports on the east coast. These thirteen British colonies were the seedlings of what would become the United States. The English language, legal theory, and lifestyle were the starting point of what became a diverse, multi-ethnic, American culture. Special Relationship The term special relationship is used by Americans and Brits to describe the uniquely close connection between the United States and the United Kingdom. Milestones in the United States-United Kingdom Relationship The United States and the United Kingdom fought each other in the American Revolution and again in the War of 1812. During the Civil War, the British were thought to have sympathies for the South, but this did not lead to a military conflict. In World War I, the U.S. and the U.K. fought together, and in World War II the United States entered the European portion of the conflict to defend the United Kingdom and other European allies. The two countries were also strong allies during the Cold War and the first Gulf War. The United Kingdom was the only top world power to support the United States in the Iraq War. Personalities The American-British relationship has been marked by close friendships and working alliances between top leaders. These include the links between Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President Ronald Reagan, and Prime Minister Tony Blair and President George Bush. Connections The United States and the United Kingdom share enormous trade and economic relations. Each country is among the others top trading partners. On the diplomatic front, both are among the founders of the United Nations, NATO, World Trade Organization, G-7, and a host of other international bodies. The U.S. and U.K. remain as two of only five members of the United Nations Security Council with permanent seats and veto power over all council actions. As such, the diplomatic, economic, and military bureaucracies of each country are in constant discussion and coordination with their counterparts in the other country.

Max Weber the sociologist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Max Weber the sociologist - Research Paper Example His theories broke new ground, proposing that interpretive, non-empirical evidence can be used to analyze and understand the intentions and actions of individuals within socio-economic groups. Weber’s works put into perspective the effect of culture and religion on economics. Placed within a historical perspective, Weber’s work was bold for the time in that it refutes the notion that there can be a quantifiable gauge for the study of social dynamics. Observation and analysis, skills that served Weber well during his esteemed career, were part of a legacy of academic achievement, passed on to him by his accomplished parents. Weber: A brief biography Born into an affluent family, Weber’s father was trained as an attorney, held a prominent position in the civil service and was a member of the National Liberal Party. Max Weber, Sr.’s involvement in public life exposed his son to a wealth of socio-political ideas, the family’s home being something of a g athering place for many leading intellectuals of the period. The younger Weber thrived in this atmosphere, which inspired him to take up Goethe, whom he read voraciously from a young age as well as many other volumes of classical works (Ringer, 2004). Law school and a brief stint in the military during World War I were followed by the beginnings of a legal career, which further whetted his appetite for research and theory. The early stages of his professional life were marked by social and economic studies inspired by a growing Max Weber 4 progressive movement, which Weber joined in 1888 as a member of the Verein fur Sozialpolitik, a professional association for economists. â€Å"What united the members of the Verein was a belief that reforms were urgently needed in Germany† (Swedberg & Agevall, 2005). The Verein proved to be a stepping stone for Weber, who earned notice for his report on the displacement of workers in East Prussia by Polish emigres (Kim, 2007). Appointments to Freiburg, then Heidelberg University followed. It was at Heidelberg that Weber’s brilliance attracted the attention of other intellectuals, writers and scholars in the charged academic atmosphere of the famous university town. Germany of the late-19th century was a brash new nation, one gripped by hubris and the aggressive policies of the Prussian political ascendancy. The nation’s burgeoning self-confidence gripped many in the intellectual class, including some of Weber’s contemporaries. Refusing to be swept up, Weber remained true to his progressive convictions, venting his feelings about Germany’s increasing predilection for saber rattling. â€Å"(Weber) also wrote passionate polemics in behalf of parliamentary reform and against the annexationist hysteria that seized many of his colleagues†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ringer, 2004). After his father’s death in 1896, Weber’s unresolved, stormy relationship with his parent contributed to a nervous b reakdown, which so debilitated Weber that he was eventually forced to resign from his teaching post and to suspend all scholarly activities. Ironically, Weber’s condition, which led to an abrupt and radical change in his professional life, brought about an intellectual change of direction and priority that would round out his personal philosophy and make him a pioneer in the developing field of social science (Kim, 2007). The resultant study

Ethics and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics and Sustainability - Essay Example One of the ethical discussions on sustainability is the promotion of artificial products through the widespread application of genetic engineering in plants and animals, and creation of man-made ecosystem to alter the deteriorating ecological balance. Artificial is defined as formulation of something based on natural phenomenon but is completely lacks the intrinsic value of what is natural. Conservative thinkers postulate that incorporating artificial schema on environmental context is morally unjustified because it violates the natural mechanism of things, and in religious context, it defiles the God's creation. Conversely, radical thinkers posit that the integration of artificial schema in the environment is morally permissible because it helps in the prolongation and preservation of life, especially that the world is facing a huge problems on natural resources continuous supplies. Advocators Advocators of anti-artificial schema argue that the promotion of ersatz products necessitates the used of modern technology, and if certain technology is not yet available, then new technology must be invented first for the realisation of a specific artificial products. The problems with this is that most of the time, the actualisation artificial schema post threats on the natural resources because, one, a new technology must be applied to natural things before it can be proven, and if the technology fails, new technologies will be created, which means that the threat on environment will also increase; two, the artificial procedures of preserving life in the expense of our natural environment is becoming vicious because of the belief that preservation of life is justified in any given context, wherein our natural environment suffers greatly from this belief because the environment is only seen as resource that must be utilised for the nourishment of life. On the other hand, proponents of artificial schema conjecture that natural resources is finite and limited, hence the need to manufacture ersatz products in the expense and out of natural resources is permissible because through this, the continually increasing demand for basic human needs will be resolved, as well as, the environment will be preserved. Radical thinkers argue that modern technologies may have repercussions but its benefits are countless. They even stress out that application of artificial schema with the aid of technology is the only way humanity can preserve its environment and its people. Today the world is embracing the artificiality of things; foods products are being engineered, while natural environment are being photocopied such as lagoon, rainforest, etc. to prevent the continuous deterioration of the environment, and to preserve its present status. Thus our modern advancements and artificial schemes have created major environmental positive consequences, as well as, risks that threaten the lives and well-being not only

The Rise and Fall of Country Music Essay -- Music, Robert Johnson

Is country music still country music? Country music has roots unlike any other genre of American music. Country music was one of the most influential styles of music in the twentieth century. It had stars such as Hank Williams and Johnny Cash. These stars represented what the South felt. They understood shotgun weddings, not knowing where the next meal would come from, and fearing the wrath of God while simultaneously loving the sweet and instant satisfaction that sin brings. They took those pains and painted beautiful, harsh, and most importantly real portraits of life. The majority of today’s country music, the country that is played on mainstream radio, has lost its serious feel and replaced it with a more laid back sound—which at times makes it hard to hear the difference between a rock song and a country song—and it has left behind authenticity for its Nashville sound and pursuit of money and popular appeal. Country music branches off into many sub-genres. You have the blues of Robert Johnson, the more pure country music of Williams and Cash, and the southern rock of Lyndyrd Skynyrd and The Drive-By Truckers. What is the difference between this music and the music played on the radio today? Dana Jennings, the author of Sing Me Back Home and a self-proclaimed country music lover opens his book describing authentic country music like this: â€Å"Country music is the backfire of a rattletrap pickup truck creaking down a dirt road and the lowing of a lone cow. It’s music for scouring junkyards, setting out to the porch, and shooting horseshoes†¦its TB, orphan music, and outhouse music. It’s potato sack dresses, loyal three-legged dogs, and water lugged from the well† (Jennings 1). This is the type of music played on the radio fifty ... ...hen I had it/ now it is gone I’m learning what that is†. This is the story of hating a nine to five job but realizing life is not easy by any stretch of the imagination. It is real. Good country music is still being made, just not for the radio. Trampled by Turtles, Avett Brothers, Bill Mallonee, and Drive-By Truckers are all consistently putting out great country albums. There are plenty more artists like them, putting out songs not just to make a buck, but also to express their pains and struggles, songs you can relate to and songs with feeling. It makes it that much more special finding a good country band. Sooner or later, Nashville will pay for her sins. But until then, listening to Southern Rock Opera will teach you ten times more about human frailty and the daily struggles of ordinary people than listening to a hundred hours of a country radio station.

With reference to the case law on direct effect, critically discuss the extent to which this concept (direct effect) is an effective means of protecting an individual’s European Union Law rights.

Introduction Direct effect seeks to ensure that the rights of individuals are being protected under EU Law[1]. This is not always achievable since EU Law is generally only directly effective against national authorities. As such, individuals cannot usually invoke EU Law against other individuals unless the EU Law provisions are horizontally directly effective. This suggests that the concept of direct effect is not that effective in protecting an individual’s European Union Law rights. In light of recent case law, the courts are now using vertical direct effect as a way of invoking EU Law by demonstrating that the provisions give effect to general principles of EU law. This essay will critically discuss the extent to which individual rights are being protected by reviewing the case law in this area. European Union Law Parliamentary sovereignty renders Parliament the most supreme legal authority in the UK. The courts are unable to overrule any decisions made by Parliament and no Parliament is capable of passing laws that future Parliaments will be unable to change[2]. Since the UK’s entry into the European Union (EU) in 1972 and the implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998, the sovereignty of parliament has been significantly weakened. This is primarily due to the fact that EU Law has direct effect under the European Communities Act 1972. EU Law can be used to dis-apply acts of parliament and overturn previous decisions[3]. This protects individual rights by allowing them to use the direct effect principle to invoke EU Law. The principle of direct effect confers rights on individuals which all Member States must recognise and enforce and although the principle is not explicitly provided for under any of the Treaties of the EU, it has been recognised through various case law such as Van Ge nd en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration[4]. Here, it was made clear that in the event of a confliction between EU Law and national legislation, EU Law will always prevail. This decision recognised for the first time that the supremacy of the EU would always be upheld through the principle of direct effect. Direct Effect The decision in Van Gend en Loos focused upon the rights of individuals against the state and not against other individuals. This issue was subsequently addressed in Defrenne v SABENA[5] when it was noted that there exists two different types of direct effect; vertical and horizontal. The distinction between the two would depend upon the person or entity the right was being enforced against. Vertical direct effect is concerned with the relationship between EU Law and national law, whilst horizontal direct effect is concerned with the relationship between individuals[6]. It was identified in the case that if a particular provision of EU Law is horizontally directly effective, then individuals will be able to rely upon that provision to enforce EU Law against another individual. Although this is necessary in ensuring that the rights of individuals are being protected by all, there are only limited EU Law provisions that are horizontally directly effective. The rights of individuals may still be violated by other individuals and companies. This shows that the principle of direct effect may not always be an effective means of protecting an individual’s EU Law rights. Consequently, the principle is only effective when it comes to EU regulations and is not that effective when trying to enforce directives. This is due to the fact that directives are not generally given horizontal direct effect. The lack of directives that have horizontal direct effect was identified by AG Jacobs in Nicole Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA[7] when he argued that there would exist greater legal certainty and a more coherent system â€Å"if the provisions of a Directive were held in appropriate circumstances to be directly enforceable against individuals†. Arguably, because directives do not always have horizontal direct effect, it cannot be said that the rights of individuals are being fully protected under EU law as violations can still occur. In Van Duyn v Home Office[8] the courts made it clear that vertical direct effect would apply to Directives if â€Å"individuals were prevented from taking it into consideration as an element of Community law†. In addition, it is declared under Article 249 EC (now Art 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) that Directives should be binding upon Member States, though the decision is left for the courts to decide based upon the particular facts and circumstances of the case. Individuals thus have the ability to invoke Directives before the courts, yet their rights cannot always be guaranteed. Furthermore, if the Directive is â€Å"sufficiently clear and precise, unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation†[9] it is unlikely that the courts will be able to make a decision by weighing up the particular circumstances of the case. Only if a Directive is not sufficiently precise and deemed unworkable by the court, will national authorities be able to intervene. Essentially, it is evident that direct effect will not always apply to directives and as asserted by Tovey; â€Å"some policy decisions needed to be developed and articulated for Directives to be accorded direct effect†[10]. In Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching)[11] it was held that a Directive cannot be directly enforceable against individuals, however in Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein[12] it was signified that because Directives imposed obligations which were to achieve a desired result, they could be directly effective. Moreover, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratt[13] it was stated that Directives would not have direct effect if Member States had not implemented the Directive within the time allowed for its implementation. The conflicting case law decisions in this area are likely to cause confusion as to whether directives are capable of having direct effect, though it seems as though the decision will be made on a case by case basis. W hether this limits the protections under EU Law is likely as the provisions will not always be able to be invoked. Recent case law surrounding the direct effect of EU Law has prompted even more confusion. This is because, whilst the courts have made many attempts to reject extending horizontal direct effect to directives (Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl[14]), it is now questionable whether this is still the case since the decisions of Mangold v Helm[15] and Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG[16]. Individuals EU Law Rights In Mangold the court held that national courts were under a duty to adopt the provisions of a Directive and set aside conflicting national law even if the time limit for transposition had not yet expired. It seemed that a new principle was being established by the court as Directives were originally only capable of having direct effect after the transposition date. In Kucukdeveci it was held that although Directives did not have horizontal direct effect, they were not prepared to apply national legislation as this would infringe the individuals rights under EU Law. Instead, it was found that the principle of non-discrimination was a general principle of EU Law and that the national court was therefore under a duty to dis-apply national legislation that violated this principle. This case seemed to suggest that even when a directive is not horizontally directive effective, an individual can still invoke EU Law against another individual by applying the general principles of EU Law. The court in Re Honeywell[17] questioned whether the Mangold decision was ultra vires, yet because age discrimination fell within the competencies of EU Law, it was found that no new competencies had been created. Consequently, whilst it generally depends upon the nature of the case as to whether direct effect will be applicable, it is capable of being used as an effective means of protecting an individual’s rights whether this be via horizontal or vertical direct effect. The case law in this area suggests that if a Directive gives effect to general principles of EU law, national legislation which conflicts with the Directive must be dis-applied by national courts. Conclusion In light of recent case law decisions, the protection that is being afforded to individuals under EU Law is now more effective through the principle of direct effect than it ever was. Previously, if an EU Law provision did not have horizontal direct effect, individuals could not invoke EU Law against another individual such as their employer. This resulted in discriminatory treatment and prevented individuals from relying upon their rights under EU Law. Since Mangold and Kucukdeveci, individuals will be capable of invoking Directives that give effect to general principles of EU law against other individuals. Bibliography Text Books Alina Kaczorowska, European Union Law (Routledge 2013). John Fairhurst, Law of the European Union (Pearson Education, 2010). Lorna Woods and Phillipa Watson, Textbook on EU Law, (12th Edn, Oxford University Press, 2014). Nigel Foster, Foster on EU Law (OUP Oxford 2011) 219. Online Journal Articles Gwyn Tovey, ‘European Union Law’ (2011) EU Law and National Law, accessed 02 December 2014. Parliament, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty’ (UK Parliament) accessed 01 December 2014 Case Law Defrenne v SABENA Case 2/74 [1974] ECR 631 Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein Case 9/70, [1970] ECR 825 Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl Case 91/92 [1995] All ER (EC) 1 Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG [2010] All ER (EC) 867) Mangold v Helm [2006] All ER (EC) 383 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 Nicole Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA Case 316/93, [1994] ECR 1-793 290 Pubblico Ministero v Ratt Case 148/78, [1979] ECR 1629 Re Honeywell [2011] 1 CMLR 1067 Van Gend en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] ECR 1

Analysis Of Lawrence Lessig s Remix Making Art And...

The reworking and regeneration of already existing cultural works through the processes of borrowing, stealing, recycling, appropriating and collaging has become a dominant creative strategy in contemporary art and design, particularly fortified by Postmodernity. Martino Gamper, sister duo Soda_Jerk and Glenn Brown are significant artists in this ‘remix culture’ that redefine the way the world is perceived through the reproduction and recyclability of their works and the works of others. Remix culture, or ‘read-write culture’ , lets people generate â€Å"art as readily as they consume it† . In Lawrence Lessig’s book Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy, he argues that the contemporary generation’s form of ‘literacy’ is technologically-based . In this contemporary society, technology plays a significant role in the appropriation and ‘hacking’ of art, music and film making it difficult to distinguish what is piracy and what is creative. Italian furniture designer, Martino Gamper, takes the creative approach by recycling and appropriating in his 2006 work 100 Chairs in 100 Days. By reconfiguring and remixing the design of 100 abandoned, second-hand chairs, Gamper explores the collaboration between styles and structural elements giving new life and meaning to one chair a day. His collection results in a collage of unique design pieces that respond to their place of origination, often poeti c and humourous in nature. Gamper’s Sonet Butterfly (fig. 1) was